First, look out from NASA’s web telescope
A NASA image of the young universe, from shortly after the Big Bang, was released by President Joe Biden and NASA.
NASA announced that its James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has produced the deepest and sharpest infrared image of the distant universe ever seen, marking a milestone in astronomy. There has never been a telescope as powerful or as large as the JWST.
For the first time, thousands of galaxies, including the faintest infrared objects ever observed, have been captured in Webb’s view. “This patch of sky is about the size of a grain of sand held at arm’s length by someone on the ground,” according to the release.
The image released is a preview, and NASA will release the remaining images on its website and social media accounts at 10.30 a.m. Eastern Time (ET) or 8 p.m. Indian Standard Time (IST) on Tuesday. So far, here is what has been discovered.
NASA called the image “Webb’s First Deep Field”, which shows galaxies that were previously invisible. In the image, shining objects are grouped together in hues of blue and orange. There are also spiraling galaxies resembling the Milky Way that are visible in the faraway galaxy.
Light travels with the speed of 186,000 miles per second. The light you see on one of those little specks has traveled for over 13 billion years,” NASA administrator Bill Nelson stated of the image, the BBC reported.
As a matter of fact, we’re going back further, since this is just the first image. Approximately 13 and a half billion years have passed Since we know the Universe is 13.8 billion years old, you’re almost at the beginning,” he explained.,” he added.
The image was made by merging different wavelengths of images taken by Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam). Here is an image of SMACS 0723, the galaxy cluster that appeared 4.6 billion years ago.
As a result of the cluster’s combined mass, far more distant galaxies appear magnified behind it. In the process of searching for the earliest galaxies in the universe, Webb will be able to learn more about the galaxies’ masses, ages, histories, and compositions.
Years have passed since the telescope was first conceived. It was developed by NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) in collaboration with the Canadian. the journey was started with a rocket on December 25, 2021, and is currently 1.5 million kilometers beyond Earth’s orbit around the Sun at the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point.t around the Sun.
There are 5 points in the orbital plane of the Earth-Sun system, including Lagrange Point 2. The Lagrange points, named for French-Italian mathematician Josephy-Louis Lagrange, mark where the gravitational forces of two large bodies cancel each other out in a revolving two-body system. Objects are set down at these positions are relatively stable and require little energy or fuel to stay there, which is why many instruments are placed at these locations.
Located directly behind Earth in the line joining the Sun and the Earth, L2 is a position directly behind the Earth. In sync with the Earth, it would be shielded from the Sun by the Earth.
Four themes can be identified as part of the Webb’s science goals. It is possible to observe the first stars and galaxies forming out of the darkness of the early universe around 13.5 billion years ago. A second goal is to compare the faintest, earliest galaxies with today’s grand spirals in order to understand how galaxies assemble over billions of years. As a third objective, we would like to discover where stars and planets are being born. Furthermore, we may find the building blocks of life elsewhere in the universe by studying the atmospheres of extrasolar planets. Objects within our own Solar System will also be studied by the telescope.
Four themes can be identified as the science goals for the Webb. As we look back 13.5 billion years, we can experience the galaxies and first stars out of the darkness of the early universe. A second goal is to compare the faintest, earliest galaxies to today’s grand spirals and understand how galaxies form over billions of years. The third reason is to find out where stars and planetary systems are being born. A fourth objective would be to observe the atmospheres of extrasolar planets (outside our solar system), and possibly find the building blocks of life elsewhere. As well as studying objects in our own Solar System, the telescope will also study objects in space.
With the JWST, we will be able to see right via and into huge clouds of dust that are opaque to earlier generation visible-light observation posts, such as the Hubble Telescope. In addition, the Webb is equipped with cameras and other instruments sensitive to infrared radiation, while the Hubble is not. During the expansion of the universe, light wavelengths that would normally be visible are shifted to infrared wavelengths, which are easily invisible to the human eye.
What does 1992 committee means?
Furthermore, the Committee will decide whether outgoing PM Boris Johnson should remain in power until the new Tory leader takes over.
The 1922 Committee, an influential group of Conservative backbenchers in the UK, will hold its executive elections on Monday (July 11), following which it will establish the rules and the deadline for picking Britain’s next prime minister.
In addition, the Committee will decide whether or not outgoing Prime Minister Boris Johnson should remain in power until a new Tory leader is appointed. During his resignation speech on July 7, Johnson said that he would continue to serve as PM until a new Tory leader is elected.
Nevertheless, former PM Sir John Major has urged the 1992 Committee to remove Johnson from his post and appoint a new caretaker PM, as Johnson’s continued leadership would be “unwise and perhaps unsustainable.”
Conservative backbenchers who do not hold any government or opposition posts make up the 1922 Committee, also known as the Conservative Private Members’ Committee.
When Parliament is in session, they meet weekly to discuss party matters. They play an important role in selecting the next leader of their party as well as organizing leadership challenges against their Prime Minister.
Less senior MPs are able to discuss matters relevant to their party in the Committee and convey their opinion to ministers within their own government. According to the Sun, frontbenchers, i.e. government ministers with portfolios or opposition shadow spokespersons, have also been allowed to attend Committee meetings since 2010.
It is mistakenly believed that the 1922 Committee got its identity from the famous October 1922 gathering of Conservative Party members at the Carlton Club, during which Tory leaders successfully demanded withdrawal from the coalition government of 1916-1922.
In reality, the group was formed in April 1923, when newly elected Tory MPs sought to create a forum to facilitate cooperation within the party and aid in the integration of new members.
Electing party leaders or voting against their own prime minister is supervised by an 18-member executive committee led by an elected chair.
Currently, Graham Brady chairs the board, who challenged Theresa May and Boris Johnson to lead.
To initiate a leadership challenge, 15% of Conservative MPs must write a letter to the chair of the party’s 1922 Committee expressing their desire for a no-confidence vote.
Neither the number of letters nor the writers are known to anyone except the Committee. In order to survive the motion and to remain in power, a sitting prime minister must have the support of at least half of the party’s members. It was on June 6 that Boris Johnson survived a no-confidence motion against him initiated by the 1922 Committee.
As a result of opposition to her compromised Brexit deal, Theresa May also faced a no-confidence motion from the Conservative Party in 2018. The rebellion left her reputation beyond repair six months after she won 200 votes to 117.
In fact, May performed better in the no-confidence vote than Johnson, with only 37% voting against her versus 41% against him.
In order to run for prime minister, a Conservative MP must be nominated by at least eight other Tory MPs. Currently, this threshold of support might be re-examined by the Committee, according to a report in the Independent.
Once enough nominations are secured, party MPs will vote in secret ballots to reduce the number of candidates if more than two MPs are nominated. There are only 2 contenders left in the race at the end of this process.
After that, the next phase begins. During this drill, grassroots party members choose between the two remaining MPs before the 1922 Committee sets a deadline. It is the winner of this round who becomes leader of the Conservative Party, and in this case, prime minister.
It is hazzy how long this process will take. It took around six weeks for Johnson to replace May as prime minister in 2019, as reported by The Guardian.
Former PM Major has suggested that, after Johnson is removed, deputy Prime Minister Dominic Raab should serve as interim PM until another Tory leader is chosen. There is no constitutional precedent for this, according to the Guardian. Another way to speed up Johnson’s removal would be to eliminate party members’ votes and allow only MPs to choose the next prime minister.
What is Nord Stream 1?
Through the Baltic Sea, Nord Stream 1 connects Vyborg in northwest Russia with Lubmin in northeastern Germany.
Nord Stream 1, Germany’s main source of gas from Russia, was shut down on July 11 for maintenance. As a result of the current sanctions being imposed against Moscow, European countries are becoming increasingly concerned that Russia will extend its temporary suspension of gas supplies in retaliation.
While efforts have been made to reduce the dependence on Russian gas, Germany, which is Europe’s largest economy, continues to depend heavily on it. Due to the invasion of Ukraine, Nord Stream 2, which is expected to double the flow of Russian gas to Germany in September 2021, was suspended in February.
Nevertheless, Nord Stream 1 continued to be used, whose flow of gas was slashed by 60% in mid-June. Reuters reported that the reduction of supplies was caused by the delayed return of a turbine that Siemens Energy in Canada was servicing.
A 1,224 km underwater gas pipeline runs from Vyborg in northwest Russia to Lubmin in northeastern Germany via the Baltic Sea. According to Reuters, the pipeline is the primary route through which Russian energy giant Gazprom’s gas enters Germany.
It makes 55 billion cubic metres of gas in a year, most of which is sent directly to Germany. The rest travels west and south via onshore connections to other countries.
Germany is the biggest European gas consumer in Russia, and most of the gas comes from the Nord Stream pipeline. Deutsche Welle reports that its share of Russian gas supplies was 55% in 2021 and currently stands at 35%.
In addition to the planned maintenance that has been imposed, there have been growing concerns that European gas supply might be further restricted. European countries depend on Russian energy to heat their cold winters, but now believe that Russia may weaponize its dependency as a response to sanctions. Nord Stream 1 will be unable to supply adequate gas to Europe by the end of the year if it does not resume its supply to Europe.
According to the Guardian, German vice-chancellor and economics minister Robert Habeck said, “Anything is possible.”. The gas could flow again, perhaps more than before. There is also the possibility that nothing comes.”
Increasingly, European countries are turning to the US for alternative energy sources, purchasing liquefied natural gas (LNG) via ships. Azerbaijan and Norway are also trying to supply pipeline gas from outside of Russia since ship-delivered gas is much more expensive. Despite earlier efforts to phase out fossil fuels and emphasize renewable sources of energy, many EU countries are now turning to coal to deal with the crisis. The German parliament on Friday (July 8) passed emergency legislation for reopening old coal plants for electricity production despite attempts to entirely abandon coal by 2030.
As part of its response to Berlin’s energy crisis, the Canadian government announced that it would circumvent its own sanctions by returning a repaired Russian gas turbine that is required for the Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline to Germany.
Despite introducing fresh sanctions on Russia’s industrial manufacturing sector, the Canadian government announced Saturday that it would introduce a “time-limited and revocable permit” to allow the return of the key component.
According to The Guardian, Gazprom blamed the delayed return of the turbine for the reduced supply of gas through the pipeline due to maintenance scheduled for July 11.
During the transition away from Russian oil and gas, Jonathan Wilkinson, the Canadian minister of natural resources, said that the decision to exempt the turbine from sanctions would support Europe’s access to “reliable and affordable energy”.
According to him, without a natural gas supply, the German economy would suffer significant hardship and Germans may not be able to heat their homes during winter.
According to the Ukrainian government, the return of the Russian gas turbine would “strengthen Moscow’s sense of impunity” The Ukrainian government has called on Canada to reverse its decision because it violates sanctions.
ggested that, after Johnson is removed, deputy Prime Minister Dominic Raab should serve as interim PM until another Tory leader is chosen. There is no constitutional precedent for this, according to the Guardian. Another way to speed up Johnson’s removal would be to eliminate party members’ votes and allow only MPs to choose the next prime minister.
edited and proofread by nikita sharma
